Rabies Vaccine

What is a rabies vaccine? 

The rabies vaccine is a preventive measure that protects against the rabies virus, a fatal disease that affects the central nervous system. This vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies, which prepares the body to fight the virus if exposure occurs.

Rabies is a disease primarily transmitted through the bite or scratch of an infected animal, most commonly dogs, bats, raccoons, foxes, and other mammals. Once symptoms appear, the disease is almost always fatal, which makes vaccination crucial for individuals at risk of exposure.

The rabies vaccine is administered in two primary contexts: pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).

• Pre-exposure Vaccination  — this type is recommended for individuals at high risk of coming into contact with the virus, such as veterinarians, animal handlers, travellers to rabies-endemic areas, and laboratory workers handling the rabies virus. This vaccination schedule typically consists of a series of doses given over a few weeks.

• Post-exposure Vaccination — this one is given after a suspected rabies exposure, such as an animal bite or scratch, to prevent the virus from spreading within the body. This treatment includes a series of rabies vaccine doses and, in certain cases, rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) for immediate virus-neutralising effects.

The rabies vaccine is highly effective when administered promptly and correctly. It plays a crucial role in preventing a disease that remains a significant public health concern in many parts of the world.

How does a rabies vaccine work? 

The rabies vaccine works by stimulating the immune system to recognise and respond to the rabies virus before it can cause a fatal infection. It contains inactivated (killed) rabies virus, which cannot cause the disease but effectively triggers an immune response.

Once administered, the vaccine prompts the body to produce rabies virus-specific antibodies. These antibodies remain in the bloodstream and act as the body’s defence mechanism, which neutralises the virus if exposure occurs. The vaccine also helps train immune cells, particularly memory B cells, to recognise and attack the virus more efficiently in future encounters.

The vaccine is used in two different contexts—pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)—each working in a specific way:

• Before Exposure (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) — when given as a preventive measure before exposure, the rabies vaccine helps the immune system prepare in advance. If a vaccinated individual is later exposed to rabies, their body responds faster and more effectively, which prevents the virus from spreading to the brain.

• After Exposure (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis) — if a person has already been bitten or scratched by a potentially rabid animal, the rabies vaccine is administered as part of urgent post-exposure treatment. It works by stimulating an immediate immune response to fight off the virus before it can reach the central nervous system. In cases where the person has not been previously vaccinated, rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) is often given along with the vaccine to provide immediate passive immunity.

It’s important to note that protection is long-lasting but not permanent. Boosters may be needed for those at continued risk of exposure. For post-exposure cases, a full PEP regimen is necessary to ensure complete protection. 

Are rabies vaccines mandatory in Singapore?

Rabies vaccines are not mandatory for the general public in Singapore, as the country is classified as rabies-free and maintains strict animal import controls to prevent the introduction of the virus.

However, vaccination may be required or strongly recommended for specific groups based on risk level:

• Pet owners importing animals from countries where rabies is present must comply with vaccination and quarantine regulations set by the Animal & Veterinary Service (AVS).

• Travellers to rabies-endemic countries, as well as professionals such as veterinarians, animal handlers, and laboratory workers dealing with the rabies virus, are encouraged to get vaccinated as a preventive measure.

While not part of routine immunisation in Singapore, the rabies vaccine remains a critical safeguard for those with potential exposure risks, both locally and abroad.

What are the benefits of a rabies vaccine? 

The rabies vaccine is a life-saving preventive measure that offers protection against a disease with nearly a 100% fatality rate once symptoms develop. Key benefits of the rabies vaccine include: 

• Prevents a fatal disease — rabies is almost always fatal once symptoms appear, and the vaccine provides effective protection when given as pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis.

• Triggers long-lasting immunity — the vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against rabies for years, with booster doses available for continued immunity.

• Provides protection for high-risk individuals — those working with animals, travelling to high-risk areas, or handling rabies virus in laboratories benefit from proactive protection.

• Ensures rapid immune response after exposure — in post-exposure cases, the vaccine helps the body mount a defence before the virus reaches the brain, which prevents the onset of symptoms.

• Reduces the need for Rabies Immunoglobulin (RIG) — those who have received pre-exposure vaccination require fewer post-exposure doses and may not need RIG, simplifying treatment.

• Supports public health efforts — widespread vaccination helps control rabies outbreaks, which reduces transmission from animals to humans; thereby, contributing to the global effort to eliminate rabies.

• Safe and well-tolerated — the vaccine has a strong safety record, with mild and temporary side effects such as soreness at the injection site being the most common.

By preventing the spread of rabies and ensuring early protection, the rabies vaccine remains one of the most effective tools in global rabies prevention.

Are there any side effects of a rabies vaccine? 

The rabies vaccine is generally safe and well-tolerated, with millions of doses administered worldwide each year. Like any vaccine, it may cause mild side effects, but serious reactions are rare. The benefits of vaccination far outweigh the risks, especially considering that rabies is almost always fatal once symptoms appear.

Common Side Effects

Most people experience only mild and temporary reactions, which typically resolve on their own within a few days. These may include:

• Pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site — mild discomfort or tenderness is the most frequently reported side effect.

• Low-grade fever — some individuals may develop a slight fever, which usually subsides quickly.

• Headache or dizziness — mild headaches or lightheadedness can occur but are usually short-lived.

• Fatigue or muscle pain — some people may feel tired or experience muscle soreness after vaccination.

Rare but Serious Side Effects

Immediate medical attention should be sought if any of the following symptoms develop:

• Severe allergic reaction (Anaphylaxis) — symptoms such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, hives, or a rapid heartbeat may indicate an allergic reaction.

• Neurological symptoms — extremely rare cases of nerve-related issues, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, have been reported.

• Severe pain or swelling at the injection site — while mild reactions are common, excessive swelling or persistent pain should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.

While the rabies vaccine is safe for most individuals, the following groups of people should consult a doctor before receiving it:

• People with a history of severe allergic reactions to vaccine components.

• Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals (although the vaccine is generally considered safe when necessary).

• Those with a weakened immune system due to medical conditions or immunosuppressive treatments.

Who should consider taking the rabies vaccine shot in Singapore?

Singapore is officially rabies-free, with strict regulations in place to prevent the introduction of the virus. However, certain individuals may still need the rabies vaccine due to travel, occupational risks, or potential exposure to animals imported from rabies-endemic regions. High-risk groups who should consider vaccination includes: 

• Travelers to rabies-endemic countries — those visiting or staying in areas where rabies is prevalent, particularly in Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa, and parts of Central and South America, should consider pre-exposure vaccination. This is especially important for long-term travellers, backpackers, or those venturing into rural areas with limited medical access.

• Veterinarians and animal handlers — professionals working with animals, including veterinarians, zookeepers, and animal welfare workers, are at higher risk of encountering rabies-infected animals. Routine vaccination provides long-term protection.

• Laboratory workers handling rabies virus — individuals working in research or diagnostic labs where they may be exposed to live rabies virus should receive pre-exposure vaccination.

• Wildlife professionals and pest control workers — those involved in handling bats, stray animals, or wildlife may benefit from vaccination, even in a rabies-free country like Singapore.

• Individuals bitten or scratched by animals of unknown vaccination status — although domestic pets in Singapore are generally rabies-free, bites from imported animals or encounters with stray animals in neighbouring countries may warrant post-exposure prophylaxis.

When should the rabies vaccine be given?

The rabies vaccine is administered in two key situations: pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for individuals at risk of rabies exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for those who have been bitten, scratched, or exposed to potentially rabid animals. The timing and dosage depend on the purpose of vaccination.

Rabies Vaccination Schedule

Type of Prophylaxis	Who Needs It	Schedule	Additional Notes
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)	Individuals at higher risk — travellers to endemic areas, veterinarians, animal handlers.	Primary series: 3 doses on days 0, 7, and 21 or 28.	Booster every 2–3 years for those at ongoing risk or as advised by antibody testing.
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)	Individuals bitten, scratched, or exposed to potentially rabid animal saliva.	Depends on the vaccination history.	Immediate medical attention is essential.
Unvaccinated individuals		4 doses — days 0, 3, 7, and 14.	RIG required on day 0 for deep wounds or high-risk exposure.
Previously vaccinated individuals		2 doses — days 0 and 3.	RIG is not required, as the immune system is already primed.

Emergency Situations Requiring Immediate Vaccination

• Bites or scratches from wild or stray animals in rabies-endemic areas.

• Exposure to infected animal saliva through broken skin or mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth).

• Handling bats, particularly if bitten or scratched.

• Unknown or unprovoked animal attacks, especially in regions where rabies is common.

The rabies vaccine is most effective when given as soon as possible after exposure. Delaying treatment increases the risk of the virus spreading to the nervous system, where it becomes fatal. 

Summary 

Rabies is a deadly disease with no cure once symptoms appear, which makes vaccination the most effective form of protection. Whether as a preventive measure for those at risk or an urgent treatment after potential exposure, the rabies vaccine plays a critical role in safeguarding lives. By stimulating the immune system to recognise and fight the virus, it provides essential protection against a disease that remains a global health concern.

At Phoenix Medical Group, your health and safety come first. Take the necessary steps to protect yourself and your loved ones by scheduling a consultation or vaccination appointment with us today.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

How do I know if I need a rabies shot?

You may need a rabies shot if you have been bitten, scratched, or exposed to saliva from a potentially rabid animal. A healthcare provider can assess the risk and recommend vaccination.

Is 72 hours too late for a rabies vaccine?

No, 72 hours is not too late, post-exposure vaccination should still be started as soon as possible. It remains effective if administered within a few days of exposure.

How do I know if I have rabies?

Early symptoms may include fever, headache, and tingling at the wound site, followed by neurological signs like confusion or difficulty swallowing. Once symptoms appear, rabies is almost always fatal, seek medical help immediately after any potential exposure.

Can the rabies vaccine be administered alongside other vaccines or medications?

Yes, the rabies vaccine can generally be given with most other vaccines and medications without issues. However, individuals taking immunosuppressive drugs should consult a healthcare provider, as these medications might reduce the vaccine’s effectiveness. ​

Is the rabies vaccine safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women?

Yes, modern inactivated rabies vaccines are considered safe for both pregnant and breastfeeding women. They do not adversely affect fetal development or pose risks to breastfed infants. ​

What should I do if I miss a scheduled dose of the rabies vaccine?

If you miss a dose, contact your healthcare provider promptly. Minor deviations from the recommended schedule are generally acceptable, but it’s important to administer the missed dose as soon as possible to maintain protection. ​

Are there any dietary restrictions during rabies vaccination?

No, there are no scientific grounds for dietary restrictions during rabies vaccination. You can continue with your normal diet unless advised otherwise by your healthcare provider. ​

What should I do if I am bitten by an animal and my vaccination status is unknown?

Immediately wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention promptly to assess the need for post-exposure prophylaxis, which may include the rabies vaccine and, if necessary, rabies immunoglobulin. ​

How effective is the rabies vaccine after exposure to the virus?

When administered promptly and correctly after exposure, the rabies vaccine is highly effective in preventing the onset of the disease. It’s crucial to begin treatment as soon as possible after a potential exposure. ​

Can animals other than dogs and cats receive the rabies vaccine?

Yes, rabies vaccines are also licensed for use in animals such as ferrets, cattle, horses, and sheep. Vaccination protocols may vary based on species and local regulations. ​

How can I reduce the risk of rabies exposure while traveling?

Avoid contact with wild or stray animals, ensure pets are vaccinated, and consider pre-exposure vaccination if traveling to areas where rabies is common. Consult your doctor or travel clinic for personalised advice before your trip. ​