Yeast Infection

What is a Yeast Infection?

A yeast infection, also known as vaginal candidiasis, is a common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida. Candida is a type of yeast that naturally lives in the vagina in small amounts.

When the balance of vaginal flora is disrupted, Candida can multiply, leading to uncomfortable symptoms. Although not usually serious, yeast infections can be bothersome and affect quality of life.

What causes a Yeast Infection?

Yeast infections can be triggered by several everyday factors that create an environment where yeast growth is stimulated. In fact, certain medications, or lifestyle habits can make the vaginal area more prone to infection. 

Some of these causes include:

• Antibiotic Use – antibiotics kill both harmful and beneficial bacteria. When “good” bacteria that normally keep yeast levels in check are reduced, Candida can thrive and overgrow.

• High Stress or Lack of Sleep – chronic stress and poor sleep can weaken immune responses and disrupt hormonal balance, making the body more susceptible to infections.

• Hormonal Changes – fluctuations in oestrogen levels, such as pregnancy, ovulation, or when using hormonal birth control, can increase vaginal sugar levels, which Candida feeds on. This inherently creates a more yeast-friendly environment.

• Poor Vaginal Hygiene or Over-washing – using harsh soaps, douches, or scented feminine products can disrupt the natural pH and microbial balance of the vagina, stripping away protective bacteria and encouraging yeast growth.

• Tight or Synthetic Clothing – wearing non-breathable underwear or tight-fitting clothes can trap heat and moisture around the vaginal area, creating a warm, damp environment where yeast thrives.

• Uncontrolled Blood Sugar – high blood sugar levels provide more nutrients for yeast to grow. Poorly controlled diabetes also weakens the immune system, making it harder to fight off infections.

• Weakened Immune System – people with compromised immunity due to illness, stress, or medications are less able to keep yeast growth under control. This increases the risk of infections.

What are the symptoms of a Yeast Infection?

Typical symptoms of a yeast infection include:

• Burning sensation, especially during urination or sex.
• Discomfort or soreness in the vaginal region.
• Itching or irritation around the vaginal area.
• Redness and swelling of the vulva.
• Thick, white, cottage-cheese-like discharge.

Who is at risk of a Yeast Infection?

Any woman can develop a yeast infection. However, certain health, hormonal and lifestyle factors may increase the likelihood of recurring or persistent infections.

Some of the groups that may be more prone to developing vaginal thrush are:

• Age and Hormonal Changes – women of reproductive age tend to experience yeast infections more frequently. Oestrogen fluctuations during menstruation, pregnancy, or when using hormonal contraceptives can alter the vaginal environment. As such, it makes it easier for the yeast to thrive.

• History of Recurrent Infections – those who have experienced repeated yeast infections in the past are more likely to encounter future episodes, especially if underlying causes are not addressed.

• Pregnancy – during pregnancy, hormonal shifts and increased glycogen levels in vaginal tissues can encourage yeast overgrowth. Pregnant women may also experience more severe or recurrent symptoms due to changes in immunity. In fact, more than 40% of expectants will experience at least 2 infection episodes.

• Diabetes – individuals with poorly controlled blood sugar are at higher risk. Excess glucose in the body creates an ideal environment for Candida to multiply, while high sugar levels in vaginal secretions further fuel yeast growth.

• Weakened Immune System – people undergoing chemotherapy, taking long-term steroids, or living with conditions like HIV may have reduced immune defences. This makes it harder for the body to keep yeast levels in check.

• Frequent Douching – using perfumed soaps, feminine sprays, or douches can irritate the vaginal lining and disturb its natural pH, weakening its ability to resist infection.

• High Stress – ongoing stress can impact hormonal imbalance and immune function, which increases susceptibility to yeast infections.

How does a Yeast Infection impact women’s health?

While typically not dangerous, yeast infections can have a significant impact on a woman’s physical comfort, emotional well-being, and overall quality of life, especially when left untreated or when they recur frequently.

• Physical Discomfort – symptoms like itching, burning, swelling, and thick vaginal discharge can be distressing and disruptive to daily activities. Some women may also experience pain during urination or intercourse, which can affect relationships and intimacy.

• Recurrence and Frustration – recurrent yeast infections can feel frustrating and discouraging, particularly if the underlying cause is not addressed. They may lead to repeated doctor visits, unnecessary use of over-the-counter medication, and anxiety about triggers.

• Sleep and Mental Health – persistent itching or discomfort can affect sleep quality and increase stress levels. Some women may feel embarrassed or self-conscious, which can impact confidence and mental well-being.

• Complications in Pregnancy – during pregnancy, untreated yeast infections may pose additional risks. While they do not usually harm the baby, they can cause intense discomfort and, in some cases, be passed to the baby during vaginal delivery, leading to oral thrush in newborns.

• Increased Risk of Other Infections – when the vaginal barrier is disrupted by inflammation, there may be an increased vulnerability to other infections, including bacterial vaginosis or sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

What is the difference between a Yeast Infection and STIs?

Although yeast infections and STIs can cause similar symptoms, they are fundamentally different in cause, transmission, and treatment.

FACTORS	YEAST INFECTION	STIS
Cause	Caused by an overgrowth of Candida, a type of fungus that naturally lives in the body. It is not sexually transmitted.	Caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites, such as Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Herpes, and are transmitted through sexual contact.
Transmission	Not considered contagious. It can occur in women who are not sexually active and is usually triggered by factors like antibiotic use, hormonal changes, or high sugar levels.	Spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sex. Some STIs can also be passed from mother to baby during childbirth.
Symptoms	Thick white dischargeIrritationItchingRedness	May cause unusual dischargePain during sex or urinationSoresBleeding between periods

How is a Yeast Infection diagnosed?

Vaginal yeast infections are typically diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation and simple diagnostic tests, such as:

• Medical History – a doctor will begin by asking about your symptoms, their duration and any possible triggers. You may also be asked about past episodes, sexual activity and any underlying health conditions like diabetes.

• Pelvic Examination – a visual and physical examination of the vulva and vagina helps assess for redness, swelling, discharge, or signs of infection. This helps distinguish a yeast infection from other conditions, such as bacterial vaginosis, or STIs.

• Vaginal Swab – a sample of vaginal discharge may be collected using a sterile swab. This is examined under a microscope, or sent for fungal culture to confirm the presence of Candida species.

How are Yeast Infections treated?

Treatment for vaginal yeast infections focuses on relieving symptoms, clearing the infection, and preventing recurrence. This may include:

Antifungal Medications

These are the primary treatment options for uncomplicated yeast infections.

• Topical antifungals – Available in creams, pessaries, or suppositories inserted into the vagina. Common options include clotrimazole or miconazole. These are often effective within 3 to 7 days.

• Oral antifungals – A single dose of oral fluconazole is often sufficient for mild to moderate cases. Recurrent infections may require a longer course.

Recurrent or Resistant Infections

For women who experience 4 or more yeast infections in a year, or whose infections do not respond to first-line treatment, a longer course of antifungal therapy may be prescribed. Investigating and addressing underlying causes is also key.

Probiotic and pH Support

Some patients benefit from probiotic supplements or pH-balancing vaginal gels that help restore the natural vaginal flora and reduce recurrence. These may be used alongside antifungal treatment or as a preventive measure.

Lifestyle and Preventive Measures

As part of your treatment plan, your doctor may advise changes to hygiene practices, undergarment choices (breathable fabrics), and dietary adjustments, such as reducing excessive sugar intake. These steps help reduce the risk of future episodes.

Summary

Vaginal yeast infections are common, treatable and nothing to be embarrassed about. Many women experience them at some point in life. With the right care, relief is within reach. Whether it is your first infection or a recurring issue, you deserve support that is compassionate, respectful and based on sound medical guidance.

At Phoenix Medical Group, we are here to listen, guide you through your options and help you feel like yourself again. Schedule an appointment with us today for a thorough consultation and treatment plan. 

Frequently Asked Questions